Bioprospecção do extrato das folhas de Fridericia Platyphylla na cardioprevenção em roedores e obtenção de bioprodutos

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, encompassing conditions such as coronary artery disease, systemic arterial hypertension, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which is characterized by coronary artery obstruction and subsequent cardiomyocyte death. In this context, this thesis was designed to integrate technological prospection, scientific review, and experimental investigation regarding the therapeutic potential of Fridericia platyphylla (Cham.) L. G. Lohmann. Initially, a technological prospection study was conducted based on the analysis of patent applications deposited in major national and international databases, including INPI, Espacenet, Google Patents, Derwent Innovations Index, and WIPO, considering filings from the past 15 years and using descriptors related to the species and its botanical synonym Arrabidaea brachypoda, combined with terms associated with cardiovascular diseases. In parallel, an integrative literature review was performed through systematic searches in PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar, covering studies published between October 2014 and December 2024, including in vivo, in vitro, and ethnopharmacological investigations. Additionally, an experimental study was developed using the hydroethanolic extract of Fridericia platyphylla (FPE), obtained and chemically characterized by advanced chromatographic techniques. Adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were allocated into experimental groups (Control, ISO, FPE50, FPE75, and FPE100) and treated for 15 days, with AMI induced by subcutaneous administration of isoproterenol (85 mg/kg) on days 14 and 15. At the end of the protocol, hemodynamic and electrocardiographic assessments were performed, followed by the collection of biological samples for biochemical, hematological, hemostatic, morphometric, and histopathological analyses (CEUA No. 23115.019856/2023-61). Technological prospection identified 66 patents (2008–2023), predominantly from Brazilian academic institutions, with emphasis on the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, followed by UFMA and UNESP, highlighting the growing scientific and technological interest in the species. The integrative review included 20 studies, demonstrating a diversity of extracts and compounds with relevant biological activities (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antifungal, and antiparasitic), particularly flavonoids such as brachydins and luteolin. In the experimental study, phytochemical characterization of FPE revealed a predominance of glycosylated flavonoids, especially rutin and apigenin. FPE treatment prevented deleterious effects on blood pressure following isoproterenol administration. Moreover, FPE significantly reduced cardiac hypertrophy, infarct size, and biomarkers of myocardial injury, including troponin, CPK, CK-MB, LDH, AST, and C-reactive protein. Improved preservation of hepatic and renal parameters, serum phosphorus levels, electrocardiographic findings, and myocardial architecture was also observed. Furthermore, there was a marked reduction in edema, inflammatory infiltration, erythrocyte extravasation, and myonecrosis, along with decreased collagen deposition, with more pronounced effects in the FPE100 group. Additionally, FPE significantly improved hematological parameters, reducing total leukocyte count and plasma fibrinogen levels, indicating consistent anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic effects. Taken together, the experimental findings, combined with literature evidence and innovation landscape analysis, supported the development of an innovative pharmaceutical composition, culminating in a patent application with potential application in cardiovascular disorders, reinforcing the pharmacological, technological, and translational relevance of the species.